什么是主动语态和被动语态？
在主动语态中，主语执行动作： “The student wrote the essay.”（学生写了作文）
在被动语态中，主语接受动作： “The essay was written by the student.”（作文被学生写了）
意思相同，但焦点不同。主动语态强调谁做了。被动语态强调做了什么。两种都正确——关键是知道什么时候用哪个。
为什么SPM要考这个话题
主动和被动语态在SPM英文中出现在两个地方：
- Paper 1 Section A — 要求你在主动和被动之间转换句子的语法题
- 作文写作 — 使用适当的语态来创造写作的多样性和重点
转换公式
主动变被动
主动： 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 被动： 宾语 + be（变位）+ 过去分词 + by 主语
逐步示范：
- 主动：The teacher explains the lesson.
- 第1步：把宾语移到主语位置 → The lesson
- 第2步：加上正确形式的”be” → The lesson is
- 第3步：把动词改为过去分词 → The lesson is explained
- 第4步：加上”by” + 原主语 → The lesson is explained by the teacher.
各时态的转换
| 时态 | 主动 | 被动 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | She writes reports. | Reports are written by her. |
| 一般过去时 | She wrote reports. | Reports were written by her. |
| 现在进行时 | She is writing a report. | A report is being written by her. |
| 现在完成时 | She has written reports. | Reports have been written by her. |
| 将来时(will) | She will write reports. | Reports will be written by her. |
| 情态动词 | She can write reports. | Reports can be written by her. |
核心规律： 时态始终体现在”be”动词上。主要动词在被动中始终变为过去分词。
何时用主动语态
主动语态通常更有力、更直接。在以下情况使用：
- 执行者很重要： “Dr. Ahmad discovered a new treatment method.”
- 需要直接有力： “We must reduce plastic waste.”
- 叙事文中： “She grabbed her bag and rushed out the door.”
- 议论文中： “The government should invest more in education.”
经验法则： 作文中默认使用主动语态，让文字更清晰有力。
何时用被动语态
被动语态在特定情况下很有用：
- 执行者未知： “My bicycle was stolen last night.”（不知道谁偷的）
- 执行者显而易见： “The criminal was arrested.”（显然是被警察）
- 动作比执行者重要： “The school was built in 1985.”
- 正式写作中： “Applications must be submitted by 30 June.”
- 报告中： “The experiment was conducted over three weeks.”
在SPM指导性写作中的被动语态
某些指导性写作格式大量使用被动语态：
报告
“A survey was conducted among 200 students. It was found that 75% preferred online learning.”
正式书信
“I was informed that the library will be closed for renovations.”
识别哪种格式需要被动语态有助于你匹配预期的语气和风格。
必须避免的常见错误
1. 双重被动
错误： “The book was been read by everyone.” 正确： “The book was read by everyone.”
2. 遗漏”be”动词
错误： “The homework submitted yesterday.” 正确： “The homework was submitted yesterday.”
3. 过去分词错误
错误： “The window was broke by the ball.” 正确： “The window was broken by the ball.”
需要记忆的常见不规则过去分词：break→broken, choose→chosen, give→given, speak→spoken, steal→stolen, write→written
4. 把不及物动词变成被动
错误： “The accident was happened yesterday.” 正确： “The accident happened yesterday.”
像happen、occur、arrive、die这样的动词不能变成被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。
练习题
把这些主动句变成被动句：
- The students cleaned the classroom.
- She is reading an interesting novel.
- They have completed the project.
- Someone stole my wallet.
答案：
- The classroom was cleaned by the students.
- An interesting novel is being read by her.
- The project has been completed by them.
- My wallet was stolen.（不需要”by someone”）
混合使用语态写出更好的作文
最好的作文战略性地混合两种语态：
“The school organised a charity drive last month（主动）. Over RM5,000 was collected from students and parents（被动——金额比收集者更重要）. The experience taught me that small contributions can make a real difference（主动——个人感悟）.”
注意语态的切换如何创造节奏和重点——这就是把作文推向A等级的写作技巧。
需要语法辅导帮助？
如果主动和被动语态在考试中还是让你困惑，用中文解释英文语法规则能帮你更快理解。在SPMEnglish.com.my，Teacher Daletha用中英双语教学，找出你的具体语法弱点并设计针对性练习。WhatsApp我们了解我们如何帮助你。
相关资源
- 语法与句子结构 — 完整语法提升指南
- SPM英文常见语法错误 — 避免常犯错误
- 时态完全指南 — 掌握全部12种时态