为什么华校学生特别容易搞错
中文里所有名词都需要量词:“一本书""一杯水""一条消息”。你不能直接说”一书”或”两水”。英文的系统完全不同——有些名词可以直接加数字(one book, two books),有些则不能(不能说”two informations”)。
由于中文的量词系统和英文的可数/不可数系统逻辑完全不同,华校学生经常犯错,比如写出”I need an advice”或”She has many furnitures”。
基本规则
可数名词可以单独计数:one book, two books, three books
- 有单数和复数形式
- 单数时可以用”a/an”
- 可以直接用数字
不可数名词不能单独计数:water, information, advice
- 没有复数形式
- 不能用”a/an”
- 不能直接用数字(不是”two waters”而是”two glasses of water”)
学生常搞错的不可数名词
这些词在英文中是不可数的,即使看起来好像可以数:
信息类
- information(不是
informations)— “I need some information.” - advice(不是
advices)— “She gave me good advice.” - knowledge(不是
knowledges)— “Knowledge is power.” - news(不是
a news)— “The news is shocking.”(用单数动词!) - homework(不是
homeworks)— “I have a lot of homework.”
物品类
- furniture(不是
furnitures)— “The furniture is expensive.” - equipment(不是
equipments)— “The equipment was delivered.” - luggage(不是
luggages)— “My luggage is heavy.” - traffic(不是
traffics)— “The traffic is terrible.”
抽象概念
- work(不是
works,指工作时)— “I have too much work.” - progress(不是
progresses)— “She made good progress.” - evidence(不是
evidences)— “The evidence is clear.”
如何”数”不可数名词
用量词表达(类似中文的量词概念):
| 不可数名词 | 量词搭配 |
|---|---|
| water | a glass of water, two bottles of water |
| bread | a slice of bread, a loaf of bread |
| information | a piece of information |
| advice | a piece of advice |
| furniture | a piece of furniture |
| rice | a bowl of rice |
| paper | a sheet of paper |
这和中文的”一杯水""一条面包”其实很类似!
限定词:Many vs Much, Few vs Little
这是SPM考试中最容易丢分的地方:
| 限定词 | 可数名词 | 不可数名词 |
|---|---|---|
| Many / Few | many books, few students | |
| Much / Little | much water, little time | |
| A lot of | a lot of books | a lot of water |
| Some / Any | some books | some water |
必须记住的规则
- Many + 可数复数:many students, many questions
- Much + 不可数:much time, much effort
- A few + 可数复数(正面——有一些):a few friends
- Few + 可数复数(负面——太少了):few friends
- A little + 不可数(正面——有一些):a little sugar
- Little + 不可数(负面——几乎没有):little hope
SPM提示: 在正式写作中,用”many”和”much”而不是”a lot of”。
既可数又不可数的名词
有些名词根据语境可以是可数的也可以是不可数的:
| 词 | 不可数(泛指) | 可数(特指) |
|---|---|---|
| paper | paper(纸张材料) | a paper(报纸/试卷) |
| experience | experience(经验) | an experience(一次经历) |
| light | light(光线) | a light(一盏灯) |
| hair | hair(头发整体) | a hair(一根头发) |
| chicken | chicken(鸡肉) | a chicken(一只鸡) |
| room | room(空间) | a room(一间房) |
例子:
- “I don’t have much experience.”(不可数——泛指经验)
- “It was an unforgettable experience.”(可数——一次具体的经历)
主谓一致
不可数名词永远搭配单数动词:
错误: “The furniture are expensive.” 正确: “The furniture is expensive.”
错误: “The news are bad.” 正确: “The news is bad.”
练习
选择正确答案:
- She gave me useful _____ (information / informations).
- There are _____ (much / many) students in the hall.
- He doesn’t have _____ (many / much) money.
- I bought two _____ (furniture / pieces of furniture).
- The news _____ (is / are) very surprising.
答案:
- information(不可数——没有复数)
- many(students是可数的)
- much(money是不可数的)
- pieces of furniture(furniture是不可数的)
- is(news是不可数的,用单数动词)
系统提升语法水平
可数和不可数名词涉及冠词、量词和主谓一致——SPM三大重点测试领域。在SPMEnglish.com.my,我们用中英双语教学,通过有针对性的练习帮你建立语法准确度。WhatsApp我们,系统提高你的语法分数。
相关资源
- 语法与句子结构 — 完整语法课程
- 冠词指南(A, An, The) — 密切相关话题
- 主谓一致 — 另一个关键语法领域
- 词汇积累 — 正确学习名词形式