Apa Itu Penentu (Determiners)?
Penentu ialah perkataan yang hadir sebelum kata nama untuk menjelaskan apa yang dirujuk oleh kata nama itu. Ia menjawab soalan “Yang mana?”, “Berapa banyak?”, dan “Milik siapa?”
SPM banyak menguji penentu dalam soalan isi tempat kosong dan bahagian tatabahasa.
Jenis-jenis Penentu
1. Artikel: A, An, The
“A” dan “An” (artikel tidak tentu):
- Guna a sebelum bunyi konsonan: a book, a university
- Guna an sebelum bunyi vokal: an apple, an hour
“The” (artikel tentu):
- The book on the table (buku yang spesifik)
- The sun, the moon (hanya ada satu di dunia)
Bila JANGAN guna “the”:
- Kenyataan umum: Education is important. (bukan “The education”)
- Sebelum kebanyakan negara: Malaysia is beautiful. (bukan “The Malaysia”)
2. Demonstratif: This, That, These, Those
| Penentu | Jarak | Bilangan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|---|
| this | dekat | tunggal | This book is mine. |
| that | jauh | tunggal | That building is the school. |
| these | dekat | jamak | These apples are fresh. |
| those | jauh | jamak | Those students passed. |
Kesilapan biasa SPM:
Thisbooks are heavy. ✗ → These books are heavy. ✓
3. Pengkuantiti
Untuk kata nama boleh dikira:
| Pengkuantiti | Contoh |
|---|---|
| many | Many students passed. |
| few (negatif) | Few students failed. |
| a few (positif) | A few students won prizes. |
| each | Each student received a certificate. |
| every | Every student must attend. |
Untuk kata nama tidak boleh dikira:
| Pengkuantiti | Contoh |
|---|---|
| much | Much effort was needed. |
| little (negatif) | Little progress was made. |
| a little (positif) | A little patience goes a long way. |
Untuk kedua-dua:
- some, any, no, all, enough, a lot of
4. Pemilik: My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their
Kesilapan biasa SPM: Keliru “its” dan “it’s”
- Its = pemilik (The cat licked its paw.)
- It’s = it is (It’s raining.)
Peraturan Utama
Satu Penentu Satu Kata Nama
My thebook ✗ → My book ✓
“Each” vs “Every”
- Each tekankan individu
- Every tekankan kumpulan
- Each boleh diikuti “of”: Each of the students…
- Every tidak boleh:
Every ofthe students… ✗
“Few/Little” vs “A Few/A Little”
- Few/Little = negatif (tidak cukup)
- A few/A little = positif (ada sedikit)
“Some” vs “Any”
- Some — kenyataan positif
- Any — soalan dan kenyataan negatif
Latihan
- _____ students in the class passed. (All / Every) → All
- She has _____ patience. (a little / few) → a little
- Is there _____ water? (some / any) → any
- _____ student must submit by Friday. (Each / Every) → Every
- The cat chased _____ tail. (it’s / its) → its
- I don’t have _____ money. (some / any) → any
Kuasai Tatabahasa Secara Sistematik
Di SPMEnglish.com.my, program tatabahasa kami ajar topik-topik yang berkait sebagai satu sistem. WhatsApp kami untuk bina asas tatabahasa yang kukuh.
Sumber Berkaitan
- Panduan Artikel (A, An, The) — Huraian lanjut tentang artikel
- Kata Nama Boleh/Tak Boleh Dikira — Ketahui pengkuantiti mana yang perlu digunakan
- Kesesuaian Subjek-Kata Kerja — Pastikan penentu dan kata kerja serasi